Pakistan’s Strategies for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic was a global outbreak of the coronavirus, a highly infectious and often lethal disease. First identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the virus quickly spread to countries around the world and was declared a Public Health Emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO Emergency Committee highlighted the global emergency, describing it as a long-term challenge requiring urgent attention and measures. As a global health organization, the WHO recommended that countries take steps to manage and mitigate the risk posed by the pandemic.

COVID-19 Declared a Health Emergency

On January 30, 2020, COVID-19 was declared a health emergency. The pandemic led to millions of deaths across various countries and regions. It resulted in medical emergencies and a shortage of supplies, particularly in developing countries. Many people experienced mild to moderate symptoms, while others faced severe issues that led to death. Older adults and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions were at higher risk. In countries like Pakistan, the outbreak had the potential to not only harm the economy but also lead to medical emergencies due to a shortage of resources. As countries worldwide raced to slow the virus’s spread, Pakistan adhered to international protocols. Measures included travel restrictions, testing, treatment, and quarantining. The government announced lockdowns, restricted large gatherings, and canceled public events. The pandemic was not only a health crisis but also caused significant social, economic, and political upheaval, leaving long-lasting impacts.

Strategies for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic

Despite being a developing country, Pakistan managed relatively well in its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, the pandemic triggered economic, social, health, and environmental crises in the country. With a population of over 212 million, Pakistan faced significant challenges. Following the pandemic’s declaration in early March 2020, the Health Minister of Pakistan appeared on prime-time television to discuss the global situation. However, the government was initially unprepared for a lockdown. Under increasing pressure from the public and global authorities, government officials held regular meetings to address the situation. Some cabinet members recognized it as a serious threat requiring immediate action, while others were more cautious. Economic considerations played a significant role in shaping the response. Consequently, the health minister announced non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including:

• Closure of borders with Iran and Afghanistan for two weeks.
• Shutting down all educational institutions.
• Banning mass gatherings, including weddings, festivals, and Pakistan Super League cricket matches.
• Limiting international flights to major cities such as Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore.
• Formation of the National Coordination Committee to review the COVID-19 situation and its seriousness.

The National Disaster Authority also took action by canceling the Pakistan Day parade on March 23 and holding the remaining PSL cricket matches in restricted areas. The National Coordination Committee worked with the National Disaster Management Authority to implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Flights were suspended, markets were closed, and public places like shopping malls and parks were shut down.

Role of the National Institute of Health

The National Institute of Health (NIH) in Pakistan played a crucial role in controlling and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. The Emergency Operations Center was activated shortly after the pandemic was announced by WHO. The NIH issued national guidelines and SOPs for detecting, transmitting, and preventing the virus. Health officials conducted training on surveillance, and rapid response teams, comprising medical representatives and health workers, were formed to manage the pandemic effectively. These teams handled infection prevention and control by collecting and transporting samples and strengthening coordination among stakeholders.

Development of Diagnostics

Initially, Pakistan lacked the resources and capabilities to handle the widespread effects of COVID-19. Diagnostic facilities were scarce, and suspected cases had to be sent to foreign laboratories for testing. However, with international assistance and successful testing efforts, Pakistan developed PCR testing capabilities and established COVID-19 testing centers across various provinces and cities. Additionally, as part of international emergency protocols, Pakistan began screening passengers at airports.

Lockdown

On March 24, 2020, the government announced a lockdown, urging people to stay at home and practice social distancing. While these measures were necessary, poverty and weak economic growth posed significant concerns. The lockdown lasted until April 7, 2020, and although it helped control the situation, it was highly challenging. Resistance from communities, local and religious beliefs, and economic fragility created obstacles. For example, shutting down mosques faced backlash from religious communities, presenting a dilemma for policymakers. Additionally, the lack of coordination between the government and the inability to offer health and social protection to people in various provinces complicated the pandemic response. It became crucial for the government and health departments to remain vigilant.

Final Thoughts

The COVID-19 crisis had both short-term and long-term consequences for nations, impacting economies, people, and the environment. However, through global government interventions, healthcare development plans, and pandemic mitigation strategies, countries continued to endure. Pakistan demonstrated its ability to cope with a global health threat, highlighting the importance of preparedness and adaptability for the survival of populations, economies, and healthcare systems.