{"id":2567,"date":"2023-11-09T03:23:15","date_gmt":"2023-11-09T03:23:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthliteracyasia.com\/id\/2023\/11\/09\/tend-to-get-sick-when-the-air-is-dry-new-research-helps-explain-why\/"},"modified":"2025-10-28T05:10:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T05:10:06","slug":"tend-to-get-sick-when-the-air-is-dry-new-research-helps-explain-why","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthliteracyasia.com\/id\/2023\/11\/09\/tend-to-get-sick-when-the-air-is-dry-new-research-helps-explain-why\/","title":{"rendered":"Tend to get sick when the air is dry? New research helps explain why"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Recent research from CU Boulder may have finally revealed why humans tend to get sick from airborne viral diseases more often in drier environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published in December in\u00a0PNAS-Nexus<\/em>, the study found that airborne particles carrying a mammalian coronavirus closely related to the virus that causes COVID-19 remain infectious for twice as long in drier air, in part because the saliva emitted with them serves as a protective barrier around the virus, especially at low humidity levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The study carries major implications not only for the current COVID-19 pandemic but potentially for all infectious diseases transmitted by saliva-coated viruses. The research also further emphasizes the importance of managing indoor air filtration and ventilation to mitigate airborne disease spread, especially for buildings in arid states such as Colorado, dry enclosed environments such as airplane cabins, and during dry winter months in temperate climates worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe physics of the air in our buildings and the climate in which we live affect things that can make us sick and how long they persist. Now we have conservative indications of how long coronaviruses like the one that causes COVID-19 can stick around in the air and be an infectious disease threat,\u201d said Mark Hernandez, senior author and S. J. Archuleta Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2020, Hernandez had a hunch that both relative humidity and saliva were important factors in the transmission of the novel virus sweeping the globe. He also happened to run the Environmental Engineering Microbiology and Disinfection Lab, one of the country\u2019s only full-scale bioaerosol labs ready and able to take on the challenge at the start of the pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Civil engineers design and operate buildings in the U.S. to maintain an indoor relative humidity between about 40% and 60%. In the real world, however, these percentages vary more widely. In San Francisco for example, where Hernandez grew up, the relative humidity pushes a dewy 60%. In comparison, Colorado hovers at an arid 25%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So they released virus-laden, airborne particles into several state-of-the-art, sealed chambers\u2014the largest one about the size of a large bathroom\u2014both with and without saliva, and at 25%, 40% and 60% relative humidity. They found the saliva acted as a protective mechanism for the virus regardless of the humidity level. At both 40% and 60% relative humidity, half of the airborne coronavirus particles were still infectious after aging for one hour in the chamber. But at 25% humidity, that time doubled: Half of the original particles released into the chamber remained infectious for two hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt shows this virus can hang around for quite a while\u2014hours, even. It\u2019s longer than a class, longer than the time you\u2019re in a restaurant, longer than the time you take to hang out in the cafe. An occupant may come in, spread coronavirus in the air, and leave. Depending on architectural factors, someone else could walk into that space with potent doses still hanging around,\u201d said Hernandez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the virus can remain infectious in the air longer than it takes most ventilation systems to remove it, additional air-focused mitigation measures such as filtration are required to reduce transmission, the study suggests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI hope this paper has an engineering impact in our buildings, for example, in schools and hospitals, so we can minimize the infectivity of these viruses in the air,\u201d said Marina Nieto-Caballero, lead author, who earned her doctorate in the Hernandez bioaerosol lab in 2021 and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Colorado State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using saliva for science<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Temperature, light, and relative humidity can all affect how long a viral particle remains infectious, but until now, no study had accounted for the fluids that carry them. Yet people are always producing saliva and emitting tiny particles into the air every time they talk, laugh or even sing, said Hernandez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The team used medical-grade fake saliva to mimic those particles and turned to chemistry professor Margaret Tolbert to examine samples of saliva-protected virus under a typical microscope on flat plates, as well as with a special microscope that measures them in air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Together, they found it\u2019s not the proteins in saliva\u2014as hypothesized by other scientists\u2014that allow the virus to persist so well in drier air, but its sugary carbohydrates that stabilize them. While many types of airborne particles, such as common salt particles, crystallize in lower relative humidity, the saliva particles became gelatinous, even glassy, said Tolbert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researchers suspect it is this physical state, somewhere between solid and liquid, that provides the virus with extra protection and allows it to linger longer in dry air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hernandez hopes the findings can help open the door for more \u201cmessy\u201d research using more realistic scenarios to better understand airborne particles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLet\u2019s get more real about how we test things in the lab. Let\u2019s use saliva. Let\u2019s use lung fluids. Let\u2019s use blood. It\u2019s scary, and it\u2019s more expensive. But without that data, we don\u2019t know,\u201d said Hernandez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research in dry climates, for dry climates<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Coloradans are among the 100 million Americans who live in a dry climate and who could, as a result, be at increased exposure risk indoors for airborne viruses such as coronavirus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While more research is needed, this study could partially explain why Colorado was one of 16 states with a \u201cvery high\u201d rate of influenza-like illnesses last November, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But what can those of us who live or spend time in drier environments do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While it may be worth increasing relative humidity indoors to at least 40%, humidifying indoor spaces is expensive and inefficient, said Hernandez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cInstead, we can add simple, inexpensive air filters that will take particles out of the air faster. We can increase the ventilation rate, open windows, and make sure we get more fresh air through,\u201d said Hernandez. \u201cWe\u2019ve known this from the beginning, but this research gives us a target.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Additional authors on this paper include: Odessa Gomez and Margaret Tolbert of CU Boulder; Shuichi Ushijima of CU Boulder and CIRES; Ryan Davis and Erik Huynh of Trinity University; Eddie Fuques of Oregon State University; and Alina Handorean of the Colorado School of Mines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Source: University of Colorado Boulder<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Recent research from CU Boulder may have finally revealed why humans tend to get sick from airborne viral diseases more often in drier environments. Published in December in\u00a0PNAS-Nexus, the study found that airborne particles carrying a mammalian coronavirus closely related to the virus that causes COVID-19 remain infectious for twice as long in drier air, in part because the saliva emitted with them serves as a protective barrier around the virus, especially at low humidity levels. The study carries major implications not only for the current COVID-19 pandemic but potentially for all infectious diseases transmitted by saliva-coated viruses. The research also further emphasizes the importance of managing indoor air filtration and ventilation to mitigate airborne disease spread, especially for buildings in arid states such as Colorado, dry enclosed environments such as airplane cabins, and during dry winter months in temperate climates worldwide. \u201cThe physics of the air in our buildings and the climate in which we live affect things that can make us sick and how long they persist. Now we have conservative indications of how long coronaviruses like the one that causes COVID-19 can stick around in the air and be an infectious disease threat,\u201d said Mark Hernandez, senior author and S. J. Archuleta Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering. In 2020, Hernandez had a hunch that both relative humidity and saliva were important factors in the transmission of the novel virus sweeping the globe. He also happened to run the Environmental Engineering Microbiology and Disinfection Lab, one of the country\u2019s only full-scale bioaerosol labs ready and able to take on the challenge at the start of the pandemic. Civil engineers design and operate buildings in the U.S. to maintain an indoor relative humidity between about 40% and 60%. In the real world, however, these percentages vary more widely. In San Francisco for example, where Hernandez grew up, the relative humidity pushes a dewy 60%. In comparison, Colorado hovers at an arid 25%. So they released virus-laden, airborne particles into several state-of-the-art, sealed chambers\u2014the largest one about the size of a large bathroom\u2014both with and without saliva, and at 25%, 40% and 60% relative humidity. They found the saliva acted as a protective mechanism for the virus regardless of the humidity level. At both 40% and 60% relative humidity, half of the airborne coronavirus particles were still infectious after aging for one hour in the chamber. But at 25% humidity, that time doubled: Half of the original particles released into the chamber remained infectious for two hours. \u201cIt shows this virus can hang around for quite a while\u2014hours, even. It\u2019s longer than a class, longer than the time you\u2019re in a restaurant, longer than the time you take to hang out in the cafe. An occupant may come in, spread coronavirus in the air, and leave. Depending on architectural factors, someone else could walk into that space with potent doses still hanging around,\u201d said Hernandez. As the virus can remain infectious in the air longer than it takes most ventilation systems to remove it, additional air-focused mitigation measures such as filtration are required to reduce transmission, the study suggests. \u201cI hope this paper has an engineering impact in our buildings, for example, in schools and hospitals, so we can minimize the infectivity of these viruses in the air,\u201d said Marina Nieto-Caballero, lead author, who earned her doctorate in the Hernandez bioaerosol lab in 2021 and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Colorado State University. Using saliva for science Temperature, light, and relative humidity can all affect how long a viral particle remains infectious, but until now, no study had accounted for the fluids that carry them. Yet people are always producing saliva and emitting tiny particles into the air every time they talk, laugh or even sing, said Hernandez. The team used medical-grade fake saliva to mimic those particles and turned to chemistry professor Margaret Tolbert to examine samples of saliva-protected virus under a typical microscope on flat plates, as well as with a special microscope that measures them in air. Together, they found it\u2019s not the proteins in saliva\u2014as hypothesized by other scientists\u2014that allow the virus to persist so well in drier air, but its sugary carbohydrates that stabilize them. While many types of airborne particles, such as common salt particles, crystallize in lower relative humidity, the saliva particles became gelatinous, even glassy, said Tolbert. The researchers suspect it is this physical state, somewhere between solid and liquid, that provides the virus with extra protection and allows it to linger longer in dry air. Hernandez hopes the findings can help open the door for more \u201cmessy\u201d research using more realistic scenarios to better understand airborne particles. \u201cLet\u2019s get more real about how we test things in the lab. Let\u2019s use saliva. Let\u2019s use lung fluids. Let\u2019s use blood. It\u2019s scary, and it\u2019s more expensive. But without that data, we don\u2019t know,\u201d said Hernandez. Research in dry climates, for dry climates Coloradans are among the 100 million Americans who live in a dry climate and who could, as a result, be at increased exposure risk indoors for airborne viruses such as coronavirus. While more research is needed, this study could partially explain why Colorado was one of 16 states with a \u201cvery high\u201d rate of influenza-like illnesses last November, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But what can those of us who live or spend time in drier environments do? While it may be worth increasing relative humidity indoors to at least 40%, humidifying indoor spaces is expensive and inefficient, said Hernandez. \u201cInstead, we can add simple, inexpensive air filters that will take particles out of the air faster. We can increase the ventilation rate, open windows, and make sure we get more fresh air through,\u201d said Hernandez. \u201cWe\u2019ve known this from the beginning, but this research gives us a target.\u201d Additional authors on this paper include: Odessa Gomez and Margaret Tolbert of CU Boulder; Shuichi Ushijima of CU Boulder and CIRES; Ryan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":2568,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[68,69,70],"class_list":["post-2567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-disease-literacy","tag-air-filters","tag-coronavirus","tag-ventilation"],"yoast_head":"\nTend to get sick when the air is dry? 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