Health Literacy AsiaScientists at Columbia University have discovered how COVID-19 mRNA vaccines enhance our immune system by creating “memory cells” (known as T and B cells) that stay in the body for the long term. These cells accumulate in various parts of the body, including the lungs, spleen, and bone marrow, and continue to provide protection—even when they’re not detectable in blood tests.
A surprising find: Immunity beyond the blood
Dr. Donna Farber, who led the study, explains that some people, especially older adults, may not show visible signs of immunity in their blood after vaccination. However, these individuals might still have strong immune defenses hidden in their body tissues, particularly in areas vulnerable to infection. This hidden immunity could explain why vaccines remain effective even when blood tests suggest otherwise.
The body’s silent protectors
In the past, scientists believed that vaccine-induced immune cells primarily traveled through the blood, migrating into tissues only when needed. Recent research has overturned this idea, revealing that some of these memory cells permanently reside in tissues, where they quietly stand guard against future infections.
Unlocking the secrets of tissues
Studying immune responses in human tissues is challenging due to the difficulty of accessing these areas. However, by using advanced technology, the research team was able to analyze the types of immune cells in different tissues and understand their roles.
Their findings showed that many individuals had highly effective tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) from the COVID-19 vaccine stored in their tissues, even when these cells were not detectable in their blood. These tissue-based memory cells are particularly valuable because they provide protection without triggering excessive inflammation, unlike the more aggressive immune cells circulating in the blood.
Implications for future vaccines
Mouse studies suggest that tissue-based immunity alone can provide robust protection, although researchers are still determining if this applies to humans.
Additionally, the researchers found that similar immune responses occur with influenza vaccines and infections. This suggests that tissue-based immunity could be a universal feature across many vaccines. Now, the team is investigating how tissues respond to other viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, and how they react to routine childhood vaccinations.
This groundbreaking research could revolutionize vaccine development by creating strategies that offer stronger, longer-lasting protection for everyone. (Source: Columbia University – Irving Medical Center)
By Daniela A. la Marca, Global Health Press
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